大坝下游冲积河流修复与保护对策研究

周建军; 张曼

doi:10.3969/j.issn.1001-5485.2014.06.0222014, 31(06):113-122

PDF(2501 KB)

长江科学院院报 ›› 2014, Vol. 31 ›› Issue (6) : 113-122. DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1001-5485.2014.06.0222014, 31(06):113-122

三峡工程运用10年后长江中游江湖演变与治理学术研讨会专栏

大坝下游冲积河流修复与保护对策研究

周建军^{a, b}, 张曼^{a, b}

作者信息 +

On the Restoration Strategies of Alluvial Rivers Downstream of Dams

ZHOU Jian-jun^{1, 2}, ZHANG Man^{1, 2}

Author information +

文章历史 +

摘要

人类活动已经改变了江河泥沙通量, 下游平原冲积河流地貌、生境和生态条件正在发生剧烈变化。保护下游河流, 维持河流健康、稳定和长期安全是我们面临的巨大挑战。分析了冲积河流纵向地貌形态及其与河流泥沙等通量的关系, 以及在河流泥沙中相对较少的粗泥沙对下游平原冲积河流平衡比降的作用, 证明这些粗沙是维持下游河流稳定的关键因素。同时, 分选粗沙是河道型水库淤积的重要特征, 在当前挖泥技术和经济能力条件下, 在水库变动回水区较大规模挖粗沙已经具有很大的可行性。因此建议①研究在三峡库尾挖粗沙2 000万～3 000万t/a(弃置坝前、返回下游河流)以抑制长江中下游河道出现大幅度冲刷的可能性;②探求利用小浪底等干流水库分选粗沙、挖粗沙(5 000万t/a)并在中游放淤区堆放, 实现黄河下游河道不抬高。

Abstract

Strong human activities have changed the fluvial flux of lowland alluvial rivers (LARs) and are rapidly changing the integrities of the geomorphology, habitation and the ecosystems of LARs as a whole. To preserve the health (stability and long-term safety) of LARs is one of the greatest challenges we are facing. In this paper, we analyzed the relationship of the longitudinal slope of LARs with flow and sediment conditions. We revealed a dominant effect of coarse sediment (CS), small proportion in the sediment load from upstream, on the equilibrium slope (ES) and stability of LARs. In the meantime, such CS has been proved selectively deposited in the upstream reservoirs and it is possible with present technically and economically accepted effort to remove it downstream. As a result, we suggested to investigate 1) the feasibility of dredging 20-30Mt/yr CS from the fluctuating backwater reach of the Three Gorges Reservoir, delivering it downstream to prevent the dramatically incising middle Yangtze River; and 2) the possibility of using the Xiaolangdi reservoir in the same way but to remove 50 Mt/yr CS out of the ever-rising Lower Yellow River so to help this vulnerable river achieving a long-term stability.

导出引用

周建军, 张曼. 大坝下游冲积河流修复与保护对策研究[J]. 长江科学院院报. 2014, 31(6): 113-122 https://doi.org/10.3969/j.issn.1001-5485.2014.06.0222014, 31(06):113-122

ZHOU Jian-jun, ZHANG Man. On the Restoration Strategies of Alluvial Rivers Downstream of Dams[J]. Journal of Changjiang River Scientific Research Institute. 2014, 31(6): 113-122 https://doi.org/10.3969/j.issn.1001-5485.2014.06.0222014, 31(06):113-122

中图分类号： TV147.3

参考文献

[1]WALLING D E, WEBB B W. Erosion and Sediment Yield: A Global Overview[C]∥ Proceeding of the Symposium on Erosion and Sediment Yield: Global and Regional Perspectives, IAHR Publication No. 236. Exeter, UK, July 15-19, 1996: 3-19.
[2]SYVITSKI J P M, VRSMARTY C J, KETTNER A J, et al. Impact of Humans on the Flux of Terrestrial Sediment to the Global Coastal Ocean[J]. Science, 2005, 308(5720): 376-380.
[3]WALLING D E. Human Impact on Land-Ocean Sediment Transfer by the World’s Rivers[J]. Geomorphology, 2006, 79(3/4) :192-216.
[4]NILSSON C, REIDY C A, DYNESIUS M, et al. Fragmentation and Flow Regulation of the World’s Large River Systems[J]. Science, 2005, 308(5720): 405-408.
[5]VRSMARTY C J, MEYBECK C, FEKETE B, et al. Anthropogenic Sediment Retention: Major Global Impact from Registered River Impoundments[J]. Global and Planetary Change, 2003, 39(1/2): 169-190.
[6]GUPTA H, KAO S, DAI M. The Role of Mega Dams in Reducing Sediment Fluxes: A Case Study of Large Asian Rivers[J]. Journal of Hydrology, 2012, 464/465: 447-458.
[7]周志德.水库下游河床冲刷下切问题的探讨[J].泥沙研究, 2003, (5):28-31. (ZHOU Zhi-de. River Channel Erosion Below Dams[J]. Journal of Sediment Research, 2003, (5): 28-31. (in Chinese))
[8]THAIR M. The Influence of a Dam on the Downstream Degradation of a River Bed: Case Study of the Tigris River[C]∥ Hydrology in Mountainous Regions II: Artificial Reservoirs, Water and Slopes: Proceedings of two Lausanne Symposia, August, 1990: 154-157.
[9]GALAY V J, PENTLAND R S. Degradation of the South Saskatchewan River below Gardiner Dam[J]. Canadian Journal of Civil Engineering, 1985, 12(4): 849-862.
[10]WILLIAMS G, WOLMAN M G. Downstream Effects of Dams on Alluvial Rivers: Geological Survey Professional Paper 1286[R]. Washington: United States Geological Survey, 1984.
[11]GRAF W. Downstream Hydrologic and Geomorphic Effects of Large Dams on American Rivers[J]. Geomorphology, 2006, 79(3/4): 336-360.
[12]ANDREWS E D. Downstream Effects of Flaming Gorge Reservoir on the Green River, Colorado and Utah[J]. Geological Society of American Bulletin, 1986, 97(8):1012-1023.
[13]LIGON F K, WILLIAM E D, WILLIAM J T. Downstream Ecological Effects of Dams[J]. Bioscience, 1995, 45(3): 183-192.
[14]DAI Z J, LIU J T. Impacts of Large Dams on Downstream Fluvial Sedimentation: An Example of the Three Gorges Dam[J]. Journal of Hydrology, 2013, 480: 10-18.
[15]POWER M E, DIETRICH W E, FINLAY J C. Dams and Downstream Aquatic Biodiversity: Potential Food Web Consequences of Hydrologic and Geomorphic Change[J]. Environmental Management, 1996, 20(6): 887-895.
[16]林秉南, 周建军.利用三峡枢纽下泄“清水”改善洞庭湖和荆江的防洪局面[J].三峡工程建设, 2003, (12):4-6. (LIN Bing-nan, ZHOU Jian-jun. Improvement of Flood Control over Dongting Lake & Jingjiang Stretch by Clean Water from TGP[J]. China Three Gorges Construction, 2003, (12): 4-6. (in Chinese))
[17]周建军.关于三峡工程对城陵矶附近防洪能力影响有关研究的讨论[J].水力发电学报, 2005, 24(1):25-32. (ZHOU Jian-jun. Discussion on the Flood Control Capacity of the Middle Yangtze River after the Impoundment of Three Gorges Reservoir[J]. Journal of Hydroelectric Engineering, 2005, 24(1): 25-32. (in Chinese))
[18]周建军, 曹广晶.对长江上游水资源工程建设的研究与建议(Ⅱ) [J].科技导报, 2009, 27(10): 43-51. (ZHOU Jian-jun, CAO Guang-jing. Strategies of Water Project Development in the Upstream of the Yangtze Valley[J]. Science and Technology Review, 2009, 27(10): 43-51. (in Chinese))
[19]杨怀仁, 唐日长.长江中游荆江变迁研究[M].北京:中国水利出版社, 1998. (YANG Huai-ren, TANG Ri-chang. Research on River Morphology Variation of Jingjiang Reach of the Yangtze River[M]. Beijing: China Water Power Press, 1998. (in Chinese))
[20]HUMBORG C, ITTEKKOT V, COCIASU A, et al. Effect of Danube River Dams on Black Sea Biogeochemistry and Ecosystem Structure[J]. Nature, 1997, 386(27): 385-388.
[21]ZHOU J, ZHANG M, LU P Y. The Effect of Dams on Phosphorus in the Middle and Lower Yangtze River[J]. Water Resource Research, 2013, (49): 3659-3669.
[22]SYVITSKI J P M, KETTNER A J, OVEREEM I, et al. Sinking Deltas due to Human Activities[J]. Nature Geoscience, 2009, (2): 681-686.
[23]钱正英.三峡工程的决策[J].水利学报, 2006, 37(12):1411-1416. (QIAN Zheng-ying. Decision Making for the Construction of Three Gorges Project[J]. Journal of Hydraulic Engineering, 2006, 37(12): 1411-1416. (in Chinese))
[24]长江科学院.三峡工程175米方案水库泥沙数学模型计算成果分析[G]∥三峡工程泥沙问题研究成果汇编(160-180米蓄水位方案). 北京:水力电力部科学技术司, 1988: 127-137. (Yangtze River Scientific Research Institute. Reservoir Deposition of 175m Scheme of TGP by Numerical Modeling[G]∥Compendium of Research Reports on Sediment Problems of TGP (160-180m Impounding Scheme). Beijing: Ministry of Water Resources, 1988: 127-137. (in Chinese))
[25]韩其为, 何明民, 徐俭立.三峡水库175 方案补充计算结果[C]∥长江三峡工程泥沙与航运关键技术研究-专题研究报告集.武汉:武汉工业大学出版社, 1993:539-550. (HAN Qi-wei, HE Ming-ming, XU Jian-li. Supplementary Computation of Deposition of the 175 Scheme TGP[C]∥Collected Reports on Key Technologies of Sediment and Navigation for Three Gorges Project on the Yangtze River. Wuhan: Press of Wuhan Polytechnic University, 1993: 539-550. (in Chinese))
[26]周建军, 林秉南.水流泥沙数学模型研究[M]∥王光谦, 胡春宏.泥沙研究进展.北京:中国水利水电出版社, 2006:173-278. (ZHOU Jian-jun, LIN Bing-nan. Flow and Sediment Modeling[M]∥WANG Guang-qian, HU Chun-hong. Progress in Sediment Research. Beijing: China Water Power Press, 2006: 173-278. (in Chinese))
[27]周建军, 曹慧群, 张曼.三峡水库挖粗沙减淤研究[J].科技导报, 2010, 28(9):26-28. (ZHOU Jian-jun, CAO Hui-qun, ZHANG Man. Reducing Deposition in TGP Reservoir by Dredging Coarse Sediment[J]. Science and Technology Review, 2010, 28(9): 26-28. (in Chinese))
[28]周建军, 张曼, 曹慧群.水库泥沙分选及淤积控制研究[J].中国科学:技术科学, 2011, 41(6):833-844. (ZHOU Jian-jun, ZHANG Man, CAO Hui-qun. Removing Coarse Sediment by Sorting of Reservoirs[J]. Science China: Technological Science, 2011, 41(6):833-844. (in Chinese))
[29]ZHOU J, ZHANG M. Coarse Sediment and Lower Yellow River Siltation[J]. Journal of Hydro-environment Research, 2012, 6(4): 267-273.
[30]钱宁, 张仁, 周志德.河床演变学[M].北京:科学出版社, 1987.(QIAN Ning, ZHANG Ren, ZHOU Zhi-de. Fluvial Process[M]. Beijing: Science Press, 1987. (in Chinese))
[31]MORRIS P H, WILLIAMS D J. Exponential Longitudinal Profiles of Streams[J]. Earth Surface Processes Landforms, 1997, 22(2): 143-163.
[32]MORRIS P H, WILLIAMS D J. A Worldwide Correlation for Exponential Bed Particle Size Variation in Subaerial Aqueous Flows[J]. Earth Surface Processes Landforms, 1999, 24(9): 143-163.
[33]钱意颖, 叶青超, 周文浩.黄河干流水沙变化与河床演变[M].北京:中国建材出版社, 1993. (QIAN Yi-ying, YE Qing-chao, ZHOU Wen-hao. Water and Sediment Variety and Fluvial Process of Yellow River[M]. Beijing: China Building and Material Industry Press, 1993. (in Chinese))
[34]CHEN Z, WANG Z, FINLAYSON B, et al. Implications of Flow Control by the Three Gorges Dam on Sediment and Channel Dynamics of the Middle Yangtze (Changjiang) River, China[J]. Geology, 2010, 38(11): 1043-1046.
[35]EINSTEIN H A, ANDERSON A G, JOHNSON J W. A Distinction between Bed Load and Suspended Load in Natural Streams[J]. Transactions of American Geophysical Union, 1953, 21(2): 628-633.
[36]钱宁, 万兆惠.泥沙运动力学[M].北京:科学出版社, 1983. (QIAN Ning, WAN Zhao-hui. Mechanics of Sediment Transport[M]. Beijing: Science Press, 1983. (in Chinese))
[37]俞俊.荆江河床质组成初步分析[G]∥长江河道研究成果汇编.武汉:长江科学院, 1987:140-180. (YU Jun. Preliminary Analysis of Bed Material in Jingjiang River[G]∥Collection of Research Results of Yangtze River. Wuhan: Yangtze River Scientific Research Institute, 1987: 140-180. (in Chinese))
[38]CHIEN N, WANG L, YAN L, et al. The Source of Coarse Sediment in the Middle Reaches of Yellow River and Its Effect on the Siltation of the Lower Yellow River[C]∥Proceeding of the First International Symposium on River Sedimentation, Beijing, March 24-29, 1980: 53-62.
[39]徐建华, 高亚军, 陈鸿, 等.1960年前黄河下游河槽淤积物粒径组成分析[J].泥沙研究, 2006, (3):1-5.(XU Jian-hua, GAO Ya-jun, CHEN Hong, et al. Analysis on Grain Size Composition of Sedimentation Materials in the Lower Yellow River Before 1960[J]. Journal of Sediment Research, 2006, (3):1-5.(in Chinese))
[40]万新宁, 李九法, 何青, 等.长江中下游水沙通量变化规律, 泥沙研究[J].2003, (4) : 29-35. (WAN Xin-ning, LI Jiu-fa, HE Qing, et al. Water and Sediment Fluxes in the Middle and Lower Yangtze River[J]. Journal of Sediment Research, 2003, (4): 29-35. (in Chinese))
[41]余文畴, 卢金友.长江河道演变与治理[M].北京:水利水电出版社, 2005.(YU Wen-chou, LU Jin-you. Channel Evolution and Management in Yangtze River[M]. Beijing: China Water Power Press, 2005. (in Chinese))
[42]张原峰, 张留柱, 梁国亭, 等.黄河下游断面法冲淤分析与评价[M].郑州:黄河水利出版社, 2005. (ZHANG Yuan-feng, ZHANG Liu-zhu, LIANG Guo-ting, et al. The Analysis and Evaluation on River Scouring and Silting in the Downstream Yellow River[M]. Zhengzhou: Yellow River Water Conservancy Press, 2005. (in Chinese))
[43]龙毓骞.黄河流域水沙变化对三门峡水库及下游河道的影响[C]∥龙毓骞论文选集.郑州:黄河水利出版社, 2006:144-168. (LONG Yu-qian. Influence of Flow and Sediment on Sanmenxia Reservoir and Its Downstream[C]∥Collected Papers of LONG Yu-qian. Zhengzhou: Yellow River Water Conservancy Press, 2006:144-168. (in Chinese))
[44]申冠卿, 张原峰, 尚红霞.黄河下游河道对洪水的响应机理与泥沙输移规律[M].郑州:黄河水利出版社, 2008. (SHEN Guan-qing, ZHANG Yuan-feng, SHANG Hong-xia. The Response Mechanism to Flood and Sediment Transport Rule in the Downstream Yellow River[M]. Zhengzhou: Yellow River Water Conservancy Press, 2008. (in Chinese))
[45]郭小虎, 朱勇辉, 渠庚, 等.三峡工程蓄水后长江中游泥沙输移规律分析[C]∥三峡工程运用10年长江中游江湖演变与治理学会研讨会论文集.武汉:长江委长江科学院, 2013:76-82. (GUO Xiao-hu, ZHU Yong-hui, QU Geng, et al. Analysis of Sediment Transport in the Middle Yangtze River after the Three Gorges Impoundment[C]∥Proceedings of the Symposium of River-lake Evolution and Management in the Middle Reach of the Yangtze River after 10 Years Impoundment of the Three Gorges Reservoir. Wuhan: Yangtze River Scientific Research Institute, 2013: 76-82.(in Chinese))
[46]周建军.三峡建成后长江中游的防洪形势和解决方案(Ⅱ) [J].科技导报, 2010, 28(23):46-55. (ZHOU Jian-jun. Situation of the Mid-Yangtze Flood after the Commencement of the Three Gorges Project and the Countermeasures (II)[J]. Science and Technology Review, 2010, 28(23): 46-55. (in Chinese))
[47]黄河水利委员会.黄河流域综合规划(2012-2030年)[R].郑州:黄河水利委员会, 2011. (Yellow River Conservancy Commission. The Yellow River Comprehensive Planning Report for 2012-2030[R]. Zhengzhou: Yellow River Conservancy Commission, 2011. (in Chinese))